And these developers has developed new software development methods and tested. These new software are called agile software development methods. This waterfall method is classically linear and sequential approach to software design and systems development, each waterfall stage is assigned to a separate team to ensure greater project and deadline control, important for on- time project delivery WATERFALL vs.
Traditional System life cycle includes Requirements, Design, implementation, verification and Maintenance. Traditional System Life Cycle works on sequential pattern after finishing each phase another phase can be started.
Agile methodology is a software development process framework that adopts the iterative approach, open collaboration, and process adaptability throughout the life-cycle of the project. This iterative agile approach is more flexible and its short time-span iterations seek improvement for the project in small release, with minimal planning, rather than plan at length.
This helps to minimize the overall risk, and allows the project to adapt to changes more quickly. Tay, Agile methodology is an alternative method for traditional project management, typically used in software development. It helps teams respond to unpredictability through incremental, iterative work cadences, known as sprints. Agile methodologies are an alternative to waterfall, or traditional sequential development.
Late, heavy testing requirements, design and solutions. Highest priority to customer satisfaction is earned by providing valuable and quality software on-time and continuous delivery. Changes in requirement should be welcomed even at the later stage of development. Releasing working quality software in shorter duration instead of months in weeks.
Working and quality software is the measure of progress. Business people and developer and everyone work collaboratively throughout the project till the completion.
Highly motivated individual needed to complete to project. Necessary environment and support provided trust them to get the job done. Face to Face communication within team members so that conveying information will be the most effective and efficient way. Promotion of sustainable development and everyone clients, developers, testers, end users to maintain constant pace indefinitely.
Attention towards technical excellence and good design. Maximizing the art of work not done — Excellence. Best architectures, requirements, design comes from self-organizing teams. Day to day basis team shows the best attitude to be more effective, compatible, adjusts and adapts responses and behaviors accordingly. Build and Test can start as soon as initial high level requirements are available. This might result in multiple changes to estimation in subsequent estimation. Project can easily loose its direction if client have only vague idea of the product they want.
Because the agile SDLC is highly collaborative, iterative, and incremental the roles which people take are much more robust than on traditional projects. Iteration Select the Project - In this phase when selecting a project a potential project is identified and potential project is prioritized. Then the initial vision of potential project is developed and feasibility of the project is checked and if the project is feasible it is considered.
Ambler, b. This phase also includes team building and predicting the initial requirements and initial architecture need for the project and setting up the working environment. Ambler, c. Construction Iteration - this phase is about delivering of a working system which meets the changing needs of stakeholders. This phase also includes active stakeholder participation, collaborative development, model storming, Test Driven Design TDD , confirmatory testing and evolve documentation.
In this phase software is deploy internally. This phase also includes participation of active stakeholder, final system testing and acceptance testing, finalizing the documentation, releasing the pilot test, training the end users and production staffs.
After completing the things above the software or system is deployed into production. Ambler, e. Ambler, f. Retirement- this phase is about removing the system completely from the production. In this phase it removes the final version of system data conversion, migrate users and enterprise models are updated. Feature Driven Development FDD FDD is suitable for the starting out new projects, enhancing and upgrading existing code, and those projects tasked with the creation of second version of an existing application.
This approach does not cover the entire software development process, but this approach rather focuses on the designing and building phases. However FDD is been design to work with the other activities of software development project and does not require any specific process model.
The FDD approach expresses iterative development with the best practices found to be effective in industry and it also emphases quality aspects throughout the process and include frequent and tangible deliveries, along with accurate monitoring of the progress of the project.
Develop an overall model: - when the development of an overall model begins, the domain experts must be aware of the scope and the requirements of the system are built and required documents such as use cases or functional specifications are likely to be existed. The overall domain is further divided into different domain areas and a more detailed walkthrough is held for each of them by domain members. After each walkthrough a development team works in small groups in order to produce object model.
And then development team discusses and decides an appropriate object model for each domain. Build a Feature list: - in the list the development team presents each of the client valued functions included in the system. The functions are presented for each of the domain areas and these function group consist of so-called major feature sets. These feature sets represents different activities within specific domain areas and is reviewed by the users and sponsors of the systems for their validity and completeness.
Plan by Feature: - this includes the creation of the high-level plan in which the feature sets are sequenced according to their priority and dependencies assigned.
Design by Feature and Build by Feature: - the design by feature and build by feature processes are iterative procedures, during which the selected features are produced. In these processes it includes such tasks as design inspection, coding, unit testing, integration and code inspection. And if more people are there in the group multiple teams should be formed.
This approach concentrates on how the team members should function in order to produce the system flexibly in a constantly changing environment. The main idea of scrum is that system development involves several environmental and technical variables that are likely to change during the process.
Figure 4 : Scrum a. Pre-game phase: - includes two sub-phases : planning and Architecture - Planning include the definition of the system being developed by creating a product backlog list contains the entire requirement that are currently known. The requirements are prioritized and efforts are estimated. And also any enhancements are identified along with the problems.
Decisions are made after a review meeting and preliminary plan are prepared. To move successfully from one milestone, or stage, to another, project managers must ensure that all components of the stage have been satisfied. The seventh process of planning in Prince2 is a repeatable procedure that is carried out for the entire length of the project. Closing a project. The final process in the Prince2 project management methodology is closing the project. Six Sigma is known and employed by organizations around the globe because of its success in helping gain competitive advantage within their industries.
The objectives of Six Sigma are ten-fold: to improve customer satisfaction, gain process knowledge, defeat reduction, yield improvement, obtain higher operating income, target Six Sigma standards, improve process capability, defeat the competition, gain market share, and produce continuous improvement Joshi, The approach is highly systematic and has been revised several times.
This literature review will analyze the DMAIC methodology: an acronym for define, measure, analysis, improve, and control. When defining the project, a determination of the objectives the results of the project is established. In the third process of the DMAIC methodology for Six Sigma, an analysis of the causes of deficiencies and the sources of discrepancies are identified. After all, the effectiveness of a new product, service, or outcome is the purpose behind embarking on a new project for many organizations.
This process is aimed at managing the process variations to meet the expectations of the customer. Systems Development Life Cycle SDLC With the arrival of computer information systems, organizations discovered the need to manage the systems that created, stored, or utilized the information for their businesses.
While information systems were in place before microcomputers, the vast amount of information that could be housed within databases and servers introduced a new frontier for project management professionals. Ruparelia explains that while there is a slight difference in a systems development lifecycle and a software development lifecycle, both have borrowed concepts from each other and include the development of a structural framework of stages to improve an application or system and guide it through these stages to implementation in the field.
The Waterfall model was first recorded in by Herbert D. Benington where he proposed that software be enhanced in stages, but the model was revised by Winston Royce in by presenting a feedback loop so that each stage within the model could be reexamined Ruparelia Many researchers commend the Waterfall model because of it simplicity compared to other systems development life cycle models and share that it has even strengthened other system development life cycles.
Waterfall steps have varied in name over the years, but still consists of five distinct areas: system conceptualization, systems analysis, system design, coding and testing. System conceptualization. During the system conceptualization phase, all aspects of the business process are examined. Systems Analysis. System Design.
In the fourth stage of the Waterfall model, the system software is created. In the information technology industry, this phase may also be called the roll out stage of the life cycle.
The final stage of the Waterfall model is referred to as testing. Benefits of a Good Project Management Methodology Reviewing the literature supporting these project management methodologies, it is clear that methodologies have been created to specifically address the needs of certain industries, whether information technology, construction, financial, or governmental. Next, a team focuses on creating a quality improvement to replace or introduce to the organization or customer. Lastly, documentation of processes and implementations are recorded so that future advances can be made easily and current outputs whether products or systems can be kept current.
These factors are components of all the project management methodologies that have been discussed. Selecting the Right Project Management Methodology When selecting a project management methodology for an organization, Cockburn suggests using the following four principles: a larger group needs a larger methodology, a more critical system needs more publicly visible correctness in its construction, a relatively small increase in methodology size adds a relatively large amount to project cost, and the most effective form of communication is interactive and face-to-face.
Larger groups need a larger methodology because the larger the group, notes Cockburn , the more roles at work in the system. This basis of this principle highlights that a small team methodology will most likely not work for a large group.
In the second principle that Cockburn uses, that a more critical system needs more publicly visible correctness in its construction, simply translates that an organization should be able to justify the expense of a more critical system due to its necessity to protect against mistakes Cockburn, A relatively small increase in methodology size adds a relatively large amount to project cost, the third principle in selecting the right project management methodology, reveals that if little is investing in the analysis stages of the project, the cost of updating requirements and processes later will inflate the cost of project overall.
From the forefathers of project management until now, the field has steadily grown and even produced methodologies to help organizations utilize the best methods for embarking on projects within their businesses. Project management methodologies have been used globally and worldwide associations such as the Project Management Institute have been created for the specific purpose of helping project management professionals grow in their knowledge of project management methodologies and implement best practices for project management within their organizations.
Reviewing the literature supporting project management methodologies, several prominent methodologies were discussed that can benefit organizations embarking on projects within with businesses.
In the Agile project management methodology, a less structured approach to project management is observed. In this four process methodology, people and interactions with people is highly favored over processes and tools. The methodology prides itself on delivering a quality software product even if that requires less documentation of the process to achieve the product.
Lastly the methodology encourages reacting to change within the project rather than just simply following a plan of steps until completion. Reacting to change often yields an adaptive response to create a better system because changes during the project management process may need to be addressed. Prince2 project management methodology was a comprehensive approach to project management that involved six stages of the project process and was so effective that the UK government implemented the project management methodology for all of its information technology projects.
The six stages journeyed from starting up a project to closing a project with each stage going through a comprehensive review of the necessities to begin and end a project methodically, carefully, and exhaustively. The Six Sigma project management methodology was not only introduced by the technology powerhouse Motorola, Inc. The Systems Development Life Cycle SDLC also incorporates comprehensive techniques to help systems and software project teams improve their information systems in detail.
While SDLC is a project management methodology, it has been revised many times and the notable Waterfall model of the SDLC was reviewed to show its simplicity in helping software project teams enhance software and systems thoroughly. When choosing any project management methodology, it is recommended that project teams look at the benefits of a good project management methodology, as well as select a project management methodology that is appropriate for their organizational size, the necessity of their software systems, and the requirements of their customer.
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